15/06/2026

LYFE MONDAY | JUNE 15, 2026

23 When joint pain signals more than ageing J OINT pain, fatigue and stiffness are often dismissed as signs of ageing, stress or overwork. But when these symptoms persist, o Persistent stiffness, fatigue could point to autoimmune disease, where early diagnosis helps prevent long-term damage Ű BY SHIVANI SUPRAMANI

they may signal something more serious. In some cases, they are early warning signs of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Sunway Medical Centre, Sunway City (SMC) consultant physician and rheumatology specialist Dr Lydia Pok Say Lee said rheumatic diseases refer to a broad group of conditions affecting the joints, muscles, bones and connective tissues. These include autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. “Rheumatic diseases are not all the same. Some are caused by wear and tear, while others are autoimmune, where the body attacks its own joints and tissues,” she told theSun , adding symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced movement are common across many of these conditions. When symptoms are not ‘just normal’ One of the biggest challenges with autoimmune rheumatic disease is how easily early symptoms are dismissed. Joint pain may be attributed to minor strain, while fatigue is often linked to lack of sleep. However, autoimmune-related symptoms tend to follow a pattern. Pok said prolonged morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes, swelling in multiple joints and persistent fatigue are key warning signs. “Stiffness caused by autoimmune disease can last for hours, sometimes from morning until midday, which is very different from age-related stiffness that is usually fleeting (a few minutes),” she explained. In conditions such as lupus, symptoms can extend beyond joints. For example, a facial rash across the cheeks, sensitivity to sunlight or recurring fatigue may appear, but are often mistaken for common skin or lifestyle issues. “These symptoms may be mild or may come and go in early stages, which is why they are often overlooked,” she added.

Lim says early diagnosis allows doctors to start treatment sooner and reduce the risk of permanent damage.

Autoimmune diseases are not limited to older individuals and may emerge in the working class as well. – 123RFPIC

Condition affecting younger adults Autoimmune diseases are not limited to older individuals. Many cases emerge between the ages of 20 and 55, affecting people in their working years. Women are particularly at risk, with conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus affecting them far more frequently than men. “This is a common misconception. Many patients think they are too young to have joint disease, so they ignore the symptoms,” said Pok. She noted autoimmune conditions often appear without a clear injury or trigger, making them harder to recognise. Why early diagnosis matters Autoimmune diseases are complex and cannot be diagnosed through a single test. Instead, doctors rely on a combination of patient history, physical examination and blood tests to identify patterns. “We consider the full clinical picture. Patients may not always recognise their symptoms, so it is essential to perform a comprehensive assessment,” Pok said. Delayed diagnosis can lead to serious complications. Untreated

autoimmune conditions may cause progressive joint damage, cartilage loss, reduced mobility and permanent disability. In more severe cases, inflammation can affect organs such as the heart, lungs or kidneys. Meanwhile, SMC emergency medicine specialist Dr Lim Eu Jack noted patients often present late because early symptoms appear mild or non-specific. “Many come in with fatigue, joint pain or fever that they thought was due to stress or a viral illness. By the time they seek help, the disease may already be more advanced,” he said. Recognising red flags Certain symptoms should not be ignored. Lim highlighted persistent fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion and reduced urine output as warning signs that require urgent medical attention. “These may indicate organ involvement such as inflammation of the heart, lungs or kidneys. In some cases, patients may also experience neurological symptoms like weakness or seizures,” he explained. Severe joint swelling, especially when it limits movement, may signal a serious flare or infection. Blood-related complications such as THE Malaysian AIDS Council (MAC) is calling for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) to be recognised as an important public health tool in reducing the risk of HIV infection, particularly among individuals at higher risk. In a recent statement, MAC explained PrEP is a preventive medication taken by HIV-negative individuals to significantly lower their chances of contracting HIV. However, the council stressed PrEP should not be seen as encouragement for risky behaviour or as a replacement for moral education and family values. “PrEP is not a licence to engage in risky behaviour, nor is it a substitute for moral education or family values,” MAC said. Instead, the council described PrEP

Pok says prolonged morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes, swelling in multiple joints and persistent fatigue are key warning signs of an autoimmune disease. – PICS BY AMIRUL SYAFIQ/THESUN

anaemia, low platelet counts or abnormal clotting can also occur in autoimmune diseases. Managing conditions early While autoimmune diseases are lifelong conditions, early intervention can significantly improve outcomes. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many patients are able to manage symptoms and maintain daily function. “In some cases, delaying treatment can lead to irreversible joint damage or long-term disability. Early care helps us control inflammation and prevent complications,” Pok said.

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HIV screening, sexual health check ups and ongoing education to ensure prevention efforts remain responsible and effective. The council noted harm reduction strategies are intended to reduce health risks rather than encourage certain behaviours. MAC also pointed to initiatives such as the Needle and Syringe Exchange Programme and Opioid Substitution Therapy, which have helped reduce HIV transmission among people who inject drugs in Malaysia. It added public health measures and prevention efforts can complement religious values and moral education while helping preserve lives and reduce harm. – Bernama persistent symptoms. “Any symptoms that last more than two to three weeks should be assessed,” said Pok. Lim added: “Early diagnosis allows us to start treatment sooner and reduce the risk of permanent damage. It can make a significant difference to a patient’s quality of life.” Persistent joint pain alongside fatigue, stiffness or other unexplained symptoms – these could be the body’s way of signalling a deeper issue. Recognising these signs early can help prevent long-term complications and support better overall health.

Treatment varies depending on the condition and may include medication to control inflammation, immune-modulating therapies and PrEP should be recognised as key HIV prevention tool, says AIDS council

as an additional layer of protection that helps prevent HIV transmission and reduce the long-term health and social impact of the disease. According to MAC, scientific studies show that when taken consistently as prescribed, PrEP can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual transmission by approximately 99%. The council emphasised HIV prevention works best through a comprehensive approach that combines health education, family support, moral and religious guidance, avoiding high-risk behaviours, condom use, HIV testing, early treatment and community support. MAC added PrEP should also be accompanied by counselling, regular

PrEP drastically reduces the chances of contracting HIV– 123RFPIC